Applying Organizational Management to Work and Life Term Paper

Applying Organizational Management to Work and Life - Term Paper Example 2. Corporate culture likewise influences ability the executives and the general achievement of the association. B. Clarify the impact of intensity and effect on authority 1. Successful pioneers utilize their own capacity instead of position power. C. Clarify the centrality that morals needs to administration inside associations 1. Morals give a lot of rules that direct pioneers in deciding. III. Review the course learning results considering my involvement with the military A. The U.S. Armed force follows the transformational initiative style wherein a pioneer can impact adherents to rise above personal matters and subscribe to greatness. B. Not all directors are pioneers. C. A decent pioneer is one who can switch instinctually between initiative styles dependent on the individuals and work that they are managing. IV. Applying the course learning results to my own and expert objectives A. Utilize my impact and capacity to give the best qualified LNLs who can help military units in Af ghanistan in their differed and complex missions. B. Guarantee that the corporate culture inside the association supports inventive ability, earnestness and trust. C. Be delicate to social contrasts and keep up moral duty. V. Understanding that I picked up from this course A. The authoritative culture built up by pioneers is critical to hierarchical achievement VI. Decision A. Hierarchical administration is a mind boggling process. Be that as it may, its prosperity lays on pioneers who give a strong culture to workers to feel focused on accomplishing authoritative objectives. Applying Organizational Management in Work and Life Organizational administration has been a subject of extraordinary enthusiasm to me. Since I have worked in the military for twenty two years in an administrative job and I am as of now functioning as a site administrator for the language specialist program in Afghanistan, I have had the option to glance back at my experience and thoroughly analyze it with what I realized in this course. In straightforward terms, hierarchical administration is characterized as, â€Å"the procedure of arranging, sorting out, driving and controlling the endeavors of authoritative individuals and assets to accomplish expressed hierarchical goals† (Schermerhorn, 2002, p. 9). As a component of their jobs, authoritative administrators need to accomplish certain predetermined objectives and along these lines guarantee that every individual does their part in solidarity and respectability. To accomplish this, administrators need to settle on choices and resolve issues consistently. These choices are made to profit the association and improve hierarchical execution. Albeit, authoritative administration is an incredibly perplexing procedure, hierarchical achievement relies upon pioneers who set up a steady culture inside the association to guarantee that workers are focused on accomplishing the objectives of the association. Full learning results imperative to me After surveying the course learning results, I feel that the accompanying three learning results are significant on the grounds that they structure the establishment, in view of which a pioneer would attempt to discover answers for address any given issue in an association: 1. Examine the manners in which administration is influenced by corporate culture, individual qualities, globalization and results execution According to Rue (2001), a prominent ethicist and teacher, â€Å"Values are the substance of who we are as people. Our qualities get us up each morning, help us

Why Is It Said That Packet Switching Employs Statistical Multiplexing Essay

Why Is It Said That Packet Switching Employs Statistical Multiplexing - Essay Example This examination will start with the explanation that multiplexing alludes to an asset that is shared among numerous clients and they are of two types;â The Time Division multiplexing where occasionally just a single client increases full limit control at once (TDM) and the Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM) where all clients oversee the connection limit. Parcel exchanged systems involves little units of bundles being directed through a system. It is footed on the objective location encased in every parcel permitting a similar path to be shared among numerous customers in the system. Therefore, in this sort of system, bundles don't follow any pre-characterized design as it is transmitted from various sources. From the above data, the facts confirm that Packet exchanging utilizes factual multiplex where information bundles are transmitted to numerous clients by a solitary source connect. Measurable multiplexer uses factual information on the framework and the clients consequently gu aranteeing the nature of administration rendered.  Therefore, multiplexing is the way toward transmitting various information parcels at the same time by consolidating the signs into a solitary sign that capably travels through a data transmission. Later when the sign shows up at its goal it re-absorbs into its ordinary structure and the client gets it. The precise example of the multiplexing course depends intensely on the idea of transmission For instance when transmitting simple the signs are multiplexed utilizing the recurrence based multiplexing where the data transmission is distanced into subchannels, in this way permitting them to stream in a similar to manner.... Its structure is established on Rate and Distortion(R-D) (Watkinson, 2008, p. 52)information pulled out from back to back arranged edges. The model considers between outline conditions unambiguous to the ramifications of encoding constraints of a particular casing over the sequential one. Portray how a botnet can be made and how it very well may be utilized for a DDoS assault Botnet is otherwise called Zombie armed force. They comprise of huge quantities of contaminated PCs fundamentally by the Trojan that routinely opens the Internet Ray Chat (IRC). It just alludes to (Sun, 2007, p. 65) a sorted out automated armed force of zombies that are utilized for making a forswearing of administration assaults (DDoS), just as allowing spam activities in the inbox and scattering infections (Schiller, 2007, p. 30). Zombies are connected to the web and in this manner they are utilized to execute devilish undertakings under far off headings. Botnets has four segments in particular 1) Diagnosing t he PC with underhanded codes. 2) Connection to the order and control channel amassed by the attacker.3) Downloads optional payload on order of the aggressor and 4) Performing an evil movement When making a botnet one needs an entrance to a few PCs, fast web contact, an arranging window organizing a server virtualization, introduced rendition of c + 6.0 just as a Servicer pack 6 for visual c + and PSDK-x86 and finally the xBot code. Essentially, botnets are made through a worm program that is typically transmitted through a spam, spyware and other adware battles that deserts a few records (Watkinson, 2008, p. 76). In the wake of introducing the visual C+++ 6.0, the administration pack 6 and the PSDK â€x86 one proceeds to aggregate and arrange xBot. This is finished by tapping on document open workspace of the visual c+ + 6.0 and stacking the

Summer Math Tutorial COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Summer Math Tutorial COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA offers incoming students an opportunity to brush up on  their quantitative skills before arriving in August.   The first year at SIPA is fillled with required quantitative courses that are building blocks in effective policy making and execution.   The summer math tutorial, while it is not required, it will help students prepare for their math placement exam especially for those who have not sat in a classroom in years.   Admitted applicants who have paid the deposit and confirmed enrollment for this fall  were sent  an email advising them on how to access the math tutorial.   It is administered online so no matter where you are in the world, as long as you have internet connection, you   will be able to participate.   If you have been admitted and paid a deposit, you can also access the math tutorial on the Welcome Page. Summer Math Tutorial COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Admitted applicants who have paid the deposit and confirmed enrollment for this fall will soon start to receive a series of emails from the SIPA Student Affairs Office.   One such email will concern the summer math tutorial.   The first year at SIPA is filled with required quantitative courses.   Economics, quantitative analysis, and financial management are the building blocks of effective policy making. The purpose of the summer math tutorial is to give students a jump start on the first year curriculum.   The summer math tutorial will also help prepare students for a math quiz that will be administered during orientation to help make class placement decisions.   Many of our admitted applicants have not sat in a classroom in years and the tutorial is meant to knock some of the mental rust off.   Also of note is that to qualify for second year fellowship consideration, students must have a GPA of 3.2 at the conclusion of the first semester.   While the summer math tutorial is highly recommended for all admitted MIA and MPA students, it is not a requirement. So if you have been admitted and paid a deposit, hang tight for a little while longer and you can expect to start receiving emails from the Student Affairs Office soon.

What Is Deliquescence in Chemistry

The process in which a soluble substance picks up water vapor from the air to form a solution. In order for deliquescence to occur, the vapor pressure of the water in the air must be greater than the vapor pressure of the saturated solution.

Masculinity And Femininity Sophocles Play Antigone

This essay will focus on the messages about masculinity and femininity from Sophocles’ play Antigone. For class we watched the Greek film version of the play from 1961 which is in Greek but it has English Subtitles. The essay will use both male and female characters from Antigone to show examples of masculinity and femininity. There are characters that are either positive or negative, characters that serve as role models, or characters who show what not to be like. First I will write about the positive female role models and then the negative female role models. Then I will write about the positive male role models and then the negative ones. The characters that I will be writing about are: Antigone, the main protagonist of the play; Eurydice, the wife of King Creon; Ismene, Antigone’s younger sister; Haemon, Antigone’s fiancà © and Creon’s son; and finally Creon, the King of Thebes. The play provides and nice mix of male and females characters, each with their own example and lesson for masculinity or femininity. The play Antigone was written by a Greek man by the name of Sophocles. This is why it is interesting that he included such prominent and strong woman in this play. In fact, the play is named after a woman, the title character Antigone. Woman do not take a back seat in this play, they play a prominent role. Woman in Ancient Greece were subservient to men and their lives were controlled by men. In Antigone, a woman steps up and shows that she is willing to stand upShow MoreRelatedWomen in Ancient Greece1638 Words   |  7 Pagesof protection by a male guardian such as a brother, husband, or father (Women in Ancient Greece). Sophocles play Antigone encapsulates the conflict in Greek society between genuine and farcical democracy. Greeces patriarchal society excludes women from formal decision-making processes so that, in the case of Creon, leaders enact their own arbitrary rules. Creon refuses to listen to what Antigone has to say about her belief that her brother deserves a proper burial. His lack of compassion is exacerbatedRead MoreThe Conflict Between Women And Women1264 Words   |  6 Pageswasn’t always the case and women could be seen deviating away from this norm. In Antigone, Antigone herself provides to be a heroin in nature and epitomizes feminism for ancient Greek culture at this time period. In Sophocles work in Antigone, he expresses the fundamental differences that exi sted in the culture between the men and women social roles that are perceived to be in place. On several occasions Antigone has shown to challenge the Greek stereotype of this â€Å"feminine† behavior. When herRead MoreLanguage And Masculinity : An Article By The Newsweek1519 Words   |  7 Pagestheir actions. In Victor Sieldler essay â€Å"Language and Masculinity† Sieldler talks about how man’s rationality controls everything he does, from the way a man speaks and acts to the way a man views others. A man’s religion, community, and family can affect this rationality. In an article by the Newsweek, it explains how language has created a gender gap, and how the gender gap has deemed what is masculine and what is feminine. In Sophocles ‘Antigone†, Creon is an example of how men use power has a way

Humanity Survey Analysis Paper Free Essays

The true answer lies within the actions of the beings of this world. In order to fully determine the answer of the question, one must observe each person’s opinion of mankind’s characteristic and behavior individually. In this essay, I will be explaining and accentuating the details on people’s personal opinions on mankind’s behavior and the decorum of humanities interests. We will write a custom essay sample on Humanity Survey Analysis Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to achieve desired data, I have conducted a survey interviewing 35 individuals with three questions; Is man essentially indifferent to the suffering of others, or no? Are humans â€Å"sheep† who allow others, or do we follow our own path in life? Are humans basically selfish and selfless? Data showed that out of 35 individuals, 54. 3% of participants state that man is not indifferent, 76. 47% saying that humans are sheep and roughly 88. 5% stating that man is selfish and gloriousness. Judging by the results, you can conclude that most people say that man is selfish and sheepskin people but is not indifferent. Therefore, the sun. ‘eye shows that peoples opinions are optimistic, but not to the point where survival of the fittest is kicked, to the part here 31 individuals have agreed to the selfish criteria. In this world, I believe there are two types of people: sheep or the wolf. Being the sheep, as said so in the survey, is when people follow the footsteps of others only to achieve similar goals that do not have meaning. Being the wolf is where people separate from the pack and venture off on their path which ultimately leads to loneliness. Coming from a family full Of medical majors, doctors and dentists, I sought to be the wolf of the world where I can become a part of something great. For years, eave dreamt of changing the world by giving what it sorely needs to survive, energy. In the future, I want to be the one who develops clean energy for the world. Therefore, believe that mankind is indifferent and selfish in their own ways, I individually speaking. Many people have stated that humanity is cruel or selfless, indifferent or heedful. Humanity has been called many things due to its lack of consideration or crudeness such as global warming, war, animal cruelty, or domestic violence. But are we so buried deep inside our flaws that we cannot fathom that fact we can do better to change ourselves? Or are we too adamant to face reality where people are using Darning’s theory of survival of the fittest keep their place in this world conquered by feudal society? History has shown us dynamic social and industrial revolutions and world wars, showing man’s capability of destroying itself over a piece of land or some border skirmish half/ay around the world, TO ensure selflessness and to pave our pathway towards success, we must act immediately on our behalf to lead better lives, so we can thrive as a whole. It would not only change ourselves individually, but will the change the world forever. How to cite Humanity Survey Analysis Paper, Papers

Narrative Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Narrative Persuasive Essay Hello, I stated as I hopped through the door to my grandparents home without even a knock. My grandma looked up from the book she was reading in her cozy corner chair, Well, hello there Where is grandpa? I asked as I leaned down to brush my lips across the soft wrinkled cheek of my elderly grandma. Whos there? a familiar deep, rough voice sounded from the next room. Smiling I skipped through the kitchen and into a long dimly lit room filled with bookcases, couches, a dining room table and a grand piano. My grandpa, across the room, was surrounded by music stands and piles of sheet music. His trusty violin was in one hand and the long wooden bow with the horse hair strings, that I was always warned never to touch, was in the other. As I walked toward the figure across the room, I noticed his full head of snowy white hair glowing in the dark room. We will write a custom essay on Narrative Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Over his short stocky body hung a green dress shirt and a fuzzy cardigan sweater. He wore slacks held up awkwardly by a belt allowing his small potbelly to hang over it. His face hardly showed the years of worry and stress, but his white bushy eyebrows and growing second chin showed his old age. His smile greeted me. As I drew close to him, his aging arms reached out and wrapped around my body pulling me into a warm loving hug. As he released me from the hug, I said, Grandpa, I learned a new song I want you to hear. I plopped down on the hard piano bench, and my fingers flowed over the keys. My foot pumped the cold pedal, and the room was magically filled with tones, one after another slowly warming the room. Looking up at my grandfathers soft, blue eyes I saw him crack a smile and nod with encouragement. Soon his violin found its way to its familiar spot between my grandpas shoulder and his unshaven chin. He swayed slightly as his arm moved the bow across the strings of the violin producing a harmony to the melody I was performing. With a long last note, we both dropped our hands to our sides allowing the music, which had just filled the room with its thick tone, to abruptly end. The room was left in a dead silence, frozen for a brief period of time, as we recovered from the intensity of the piece. Bending down, my grandfather laid his precious violin in its velvet lined case and took the spot next to me on the piano bench. Claps of an unseen audience came from the kitchen, both our eyes looked toward the cheerful light and the sounds of my grandmothers applause. As the claps faded away, his eyes turned toward mine. Awaiting his comments, my eyes were open wide. Excitement had filled my body because of the piece I had just performed and the fact that my grandfather had joined in. Good. But, play the middle section slower. Go ahead let me hear it, the music teacher was in his element. He began to direct me through my piece, measure by measure. His hand flew, waving a pencil along the sheet music opened in front of my face. With every mark, my heart sunk a little lower. Quickly I forgot the magic I had felt only minutes prior to the teaching session directed by my grandfather. Every piece had to be played to perfection. Okay, better, but lets hear it again. 1, 2, 3. .. My fingers lost their confidence. They began to miss the ivory key they were supposed to hit. My wrists that once stood tall, now fell and so did my once happy tone. Why did he have to ruin the magic? Why couldnt he just be happy with my playing instead of tearing it apart? I knew the answers. He wanted me to be the best I could. He had expectations and he knew I could meet them. .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5 , .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5 .postImageUrl , .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5 , .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5:hover , .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5:visited , .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5:active { border:0!important; } .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5:active , .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5 .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38bd112e464471a21cb7d70714ed5ff5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aristotle's Virtue Theory Essay He pushed until people broke, but he had a way of getting the very best out of them. My body began to quiver and water began to fill in the corners of my eyes. The notes in front of me became unclear and blurry as if raindrops were hitting the paper and smearing the ink together. I looked toward my grandpa, my eyes filled with a broken spirit and the unhappiness of not completely pleasing him. After what seemed like hours of work, my grandfather smiled, Okay now close your eyes. Think of the piece. See your fingers flowing over the keys. Think of the music, the tone, the rhythm. Put those beautiful fingers on that piano and play that piece for me once more. I opened my eyes, full of determination I began again. This time the music had a rich sound, one that made you want to get up and dance. In seconds the happy tone which had disappeared returned, filling the room with beautiful music. The tone was so thick that my grandma even appeared from the kitchen, making her way to the piano. My heart felt lighter as the frustration left me. My grandfathers eyes were slightly closed as he listened intently to the music I was producing. Here and there my fingers would miss their destination, but the magic took care of the mistakes, holding the listener in a state of awe. Then it was over. My grandfathers arms reached around my small body and pulled me close. That is the best I ever heard you play. You are getting so good. His lips puckered and he placed a gentle kiss on my cheek. My smile was from ear to ear. My heart was pounding and my fingers were quivering from the thrill of playing a piece so intensely. Holding tightly to my hand, we left the piano bench and walked across the dark room into the light of the kitchen. A loud ring broke the silence. Hello, my grandmother answered the phone. Looking to the clock on the wall I realized that it was almost dinnertime, and I knew my mom was calling wanting me to come home. Thanks for your help, grandpa. I stepped out of the warm house into the darkness and chill of the night. The evening breeze hit my small body, sending shivers up my back. I instantaneously missed the warm feeling of the house heated by the blazing kitchen stove. I hurried down the hill toward the warmth of my own house. As I walked the short distance, my eyes rested on the branches of the many evergreen trees along the path. My mind focused on my time with my grandfather. Under the roughness of the outside layers there is such gentleness. Hearing only harsh words I think he is mean, but actually he wants me to be the best I can be. His expectations are not unattainable, just high, and to reach them he pushes, but in the end the result is beautiful. A smile formed on my face again, and the skip returned to my step. Opening the door to my house the bright cheery light hit my face, I gleefully walked over to my little upright piano. Mom, listen to what grandpa did to my piece. Words/ Pages : 1,223 / 24

Bell Curve and Normal Distribution Definition

Bell Curve and Normal Distribution Definition The term bell curve is used to describe the mathematical concept called normal distribution, sometimes referred to as Gaussian distribution. Bell curve refers to the shape that is created when a line is plotted using the data points for an item that meets the criteria of normal distribution. The center contains the greatest number of a value and, therefore, would be the highest point on the arc of the line. This point is referred to the mean, but in simple terms, it is the highest number of occurrences of an element (in statistical terms, the mode). Normal Distribution The important thing to note about a normal distribution is the curve is concentrated in the center and decreases on either side. This is significant in that the data has less of a tendency to produce unusually extreme values, called outliers, as compared to other distributions. Also, the bell curve signifies that the data is symmetrical. This means that you can create reasonable expectations as to the possibility that an outcome will lie within a range to the left or right of the center, once you have measured the amount of deviation contained in the data.This is measured in terms of standard deviations. A bell curve graph depends on two factors: the mean and the standard deviation. The mean identifies the position of the center and the standard deviation determines the height and width of the bell. For example, a large standard deviation creates a bell that is short and wide while a small standard deviation creates a tall and narrow curve. Bell Curve Probability and Standard Deviation To understand the probability factors of a normal distribution, you need to understand the following rules: The total area under the curve is equal to 1 (100 percent)About 68 percent of the area under the curve falls within one standard deviation.About 95 percent of the area under the curve falls within two standard deviations.About 99.7 percent of the area under the curve falls within three standard deviations. Item Nos. 2,3 and 4 are sometimes referred to as the empirical rule or the 68-95-99.7 rule. Once you determine that the data is normally distributed (bell curved) and calculate the mean and standard deviation, you can determine the probability that a single data point will fall within a given range of possibilities. Bell Curve Example A good example of a bell curve or normal distribution is the roll of two dice. The distribution is centered around the number seven and the probability decreases as you move away from the center. Here is the percent chance of the various outcomes when you roll two dice. Two: 2.78 percentThree: percentFour: 8.33 percentFive: 11.11 percentSix: 13.89 percentSeven: 16.67 percentEight: 13.89 percentNine: 11.11 percentTen: 8.33 percentEleven: 5.56 percentTwelve: 2.78 percent Normal distributions have many convenient properties, so in many cases, especially in physics and astronomy, random variations with unknown distributions are often assumed to be normal to allow for probability calculations. Although this can be a dangerous assumption, it is often a good approximation due to a surprising result known as the central limit theorem. This theorem states that the mean of any set of variants with any distribution having a finite mean and variance tends to the normal distribution. Many common attributes such as test scores or height follow roughly normal distributions, with few members at the high and low ends and many in the middle. When You Shouldn't Use the Bell Curve There are some types of data that dont follow a normal distribution pattern. These data sets shouldnt be forced to try to fit a bell curve. A classic example would be student grades, which often have two modes. Other types of data that dont follow the curve include income, population growth, and mechanical failures.

Consider whether the different tests for certainty of objects applicable to fixed trusts and discretionary trusts are appropriate Essays

Consider whether the different tests for certainty of objects applicable to fixed trusts and discretionary trusts are appropriate Essays Consider whether the different tests for certainty of objects applicable to fixed trusts and discretionary trusts are appropriate Essay Consider whether the different tests for certainty of objects applicable to fixed trusts and discretionary trusts are appropriate Essay Essay Topic: Law The Certainty of object form one of the three requirements which must be satisfied to validate a trust. The fundamental principle is that to properly enforce a trust it must have cestque tui trust and it must be possible to establish who the beneficiaries are1. These apply to both fixed and discretionary trusts, which convey the expressed wish of a testator. In effect it is incumbent on the settlor to enable some means of ascertaining the intended beneficiary; and appropriate tests for objects would be needed to ensure the trust is properly enforced. Traditionally a general rule applied to all trusts; the trustee has a duty to administer the trust according to the trust instrument and so would need to know exactly how many beneficiaries there are, thus must draw up a fixed list2. Under a fixed trust the testator would express the beneficiary to whom the trust was intended and therefore the object is often clear. However where the beneficiaries are of a wide class conceptual uncertainties commonly arise and it would therefore require interpretation. Such a situation arose in Broadway3 the trust was void for uncertainty as the whole range of objects could not be ascertained. It is generally accepted that the terms in a fixed trust are precise enough to comprise a complete list test. However where the testator aims to give to the benefit of a large number of people a discretionary trust is most useful. This is because no individual potential beneficiary has an interest on the fund until the trustees discretion is exercise. More recently, the complete list has proved especially problematic for the increasingly popular large corporate trusts, which tends to distribute amongst a very wide class- (by applying Broadway), these would frequently fail for uncertainty. 4 One the one hand, because the court is obliged to enforce the trust5, the use of a complete list test is essential to manage a trust. When applied to fixed trusts, it reflects the testators determination to ensure the trust is executed exactly as he intended. Thus if the executor was uncertain, the income would belong to the settlor on resulting trust. In such circumstances it seems plausible that whilst reforms in McPhail6 only changed the law in relation to discretionary trusts, Broadway continues to regulate fixed trust. Mcphail 7drew upon similarities between powers and discretionary trusts which Broadway overlooked. Firstly although trustees for discretionary trusts have an imperative duty to execute the fund, like a power, they are given the choice of how this should be done and so proposed to assimilate the validity test for trusts with that which applies to powers. Overall a complete list was deemed too rigid and instead ReGulbekian8 should also apply to discretionary trusts. Whilst it was the ideal test for mere powers, its application to discretionary trust would prove objectionable. 9 In addition to the need for conceptual certainty, there was also need for sufficient practical certainty in its definition to be carried out. Therefore even if a class is conceptually certain it could still be invalid if administratively unworkable. However to uphold the principle in Broadway would be to order an equal distribution in which every beneficiary share. This would probably defeat the settlors intention; as equal division among all may produce a result beneficial to none. 10 Overall it considered whether the is or is not test was a semantic or evidential one; a question which, if unresolved, could lead to an irrational development of law. The issue was addressed in ReBaden, however there were three distinct reasoning; At one end of the spectrum Stamp LJ, imposed the most rigorous test, question whether he is, or is not, a member of a conceptually certain class. However whilst accepting that it would be impossible to devise a complete list, he emphasised a need to obtain the widest possible range of objects. In practice, the difference between this test, and the `complete list test, is very slight. Therefore while it seems keenest to consider the maximum number of beneficiaries, the approach makes it most vulnerable to failing of conceptual uncertainty. Megaw LJ took an almost opposing view, which was also the softest approach. Identifying a substantial number of people, within the terms set out by the settlor. Whilst it classifies when a trust would be valid, it does not guide the trustee on how to measure uncertainty in the boundaries of the class. This inability to distinguish between conceptual certainty and evidential certainty therefore makes it impractical. Sach LJ was a middle ground approach. 11 The trust would succeed if it would be possible to determine in theory whether any given person was inside or outside of the class. Where objects are less like a class and appear rather as applicants to a fund for which they might qualify for a distribution, (whether they actually receive funds lies at the discretion of the trustee whose only obligation is to distribute), therefore the trustee could justify their act based on a solid test of whether or not any individual distribution is legitimate. 12 The Courts generally adopt the Sach approach, largely because it is least likely to fail for administrative unworkability13. It only imposed the need for conceptually certainty, thus evidential difficulties would not affect the validity of a trust. However problems with administering the trust itself could still exist for instance where the words in the trust are clear, but the ambit is so wide that the costs of ascertaining the members would outweigh the value of fund. However precedent suggests this is unlikely. 14Another problem is that he focused on the similarities between a trust and a power, without addressing the differences. Clearly the duty under a trust is more onerous and the consequences for negligence are higher than for a power who can act free from regulation. However on a positive note the is or is not test, does not oblige trustees to consider all the potential candidates, so it may be easier to prove that their actions were for the benefits of the trust. Whilst Sachs approach may enable the trustee to provide a theoretical justification, it does not ascertain every object. Certainty of objects also apply to testamentary gifts subject to condition precedent. Ambiguity as to whom the testator intended to benefit, would give rise to the same problems which affect trusts. In Re Barlow, the question arose as to the meaning of friends of mine and the courts contemplated which test should apply. Although bearing similarities to Megaw, the final ruling did not fully adopted any of the approaches in Re Baden, inevitably it is questionable whether the is or is not is appropriate. Despite the difficulties in applying suitable tests the courts is clearly more inclined to give effect to a trust than to invalidate one. This was demonstrated in the lack of unanimity in ReTuck which deferred the Chief Rabbi to provide definition of Jewish women should difficulties arise, although there was no consensus in the judges the trust was still held valid.

Reflect on Hedonic act utilitarianism and Kant's formula of Essay

Reflect on Hedonic act utilitarianism and Kant's formula of humanity...evaluate whether or not you believe torture - Essay Example Many proponents against torture focus on the absolutist requirement that it should not be permitted under any circumstance and that enforcing torture given the possibility that the person to be tortured is innocent or that he does not have the information needed fails to give a concrete argument on the other side of the what if question. Deductively, what if he is not totally innocent or that he truly does have the information and there are others whose lives are at risk. Founding on the singular basis of Kantian formula of humanity undermines the correlation of impending critical decisions at crossroads in favor of moral predispositions. The â€Å"ticking time bomb thought experiment† presents a direct and unfaltering inquiry on our appreciation of utilitarianism and thus supposes that the second premise, â€Å"it is not morally permissible to torture the terrorist† is false. Sussman presents a perceptive description on the effect of torture and the existing relationsh ip between the victims of torture and the tormentor as being one of passivity as the suffering and its inherent pain brings the person to a state where he no longer has control of his body and emotions brought about by sheer pain and fear. In the book, â€Å"Torture: When the Unthinkable is Morally Permissible,† suggests what the very title given by the authors mean. Bagaric, Mirko and Clarke provided for five variables that must be present to make torture morally permissible.... Additionally, if there are little to no other means to acquire information as discussed in the third variable, harm may be brought upon him in any form but maintaining the lowest possible degree of torture and pain towards him (Bagaric, Mirko and Clarke 34-35). In contradiction to this stance, Jeff McMahan maintains that torture must be prohibited without classification. That the use of torture is more abused by those who proliferate unjust means and that even the government cannot be trusted to be cautious in their use of torture, however noble their intentions are. McMahan affirms that to think that any government, no matter how civilized or democratic, could be trustworthy enough to be tasked to carry out torture to prevent terrorist activities and other such threats is nothing short of delusional. In this discussion, the author does not fail to mention notorious and well-known incidents such as the Guantamo Bay and Abu Ghraib torture controversies where the prisoners were subject ed to inhumane acts of torture. â€Å"Throughout human history, torture has been very extensively employed, but the proportion of cases in which the use appears to have been morally justified seems almost negligible† (McMahan 125). This argument illustrates realistic and current predilection toward the abolishment of torture as guaranteed by international and local laws but it does not address in any material way the ticking bomb predicament. McMahan deviates from negating the permissible morality aspect of hedonic act utilitarianism by raising contentions founded on barbarism and human dignity (McMahan 111) and instead focuses on torture abolition base on factual relevance of its ineffectiveness but it nevertheless falls short on concluding how

Technological Developments In The Next 20 Years Research Paper

Technological Developments In The Next 20 Years - Research Paper Example The internet is one of the technological developments that will definitely change our lives over the next 20 or so years. The technology which acts as a platform for us to carry out a vast number of activities including social networking, shopping, banking and lest we forget the variant databases that we can access anywhere on the face of the globe. Online statistics from the internet live stats show that an estimated 3billion people use the internet (Internet Live Stats 1). That is a staggering 40% of the world’s population. However, this number is continuously rising, and it will keep doing so because more and more people are getting to learn how to use it and are discovering more uses for the technology. Many developed nations are already way ahead of the use and application of this technology, but the rest of the third world and developing nations are still at their infancy stage. A developing nation such as South Africa instance has seen its universities and colleges equi pped with facilities, which will allow students to be able to carry out academic activities online. Obviously, this was long incorporated to the American education system but back in Kenya, they are just getting to grips with the internet as an academic tool (Jones 34). This means that the internet is going to change greatly the lives of people over there. Other than academic purposes, the internet will continually change lives in the near future due to the various purposes it plays such as research.

Developing Leadership in Advanced Practice Nursing (APN)

Developing Leadership in Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) Community Group Meeting Observation Health Planning and Policy Development: Leadership Issues Jinyi Kim Hypertension is a major public health problem among Korean population. According to a survey of Korean Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention in 2012, almost 30% of adult Koreans have hypertension. In addition, a stroke triggered by hypertension is one of leading causes of death in Korean population. When I worked as a staff nurse at coronary care unit (CCU) in Korea, I saw a lot of patient suffering with severe cardiovascular disease triggered by poorly controlled hypertension. A study by Kim (2009) indicates that hypertension contributed nearly 70% of deaths from all cardiovascular disease in Korean. Many studies argue that blood pressure is related with life styles of exercise, diet, drinking, and smoking. In general, healthy food consumption for preventing hypertension included vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. However, Koreans dietary patterns differ from other culture, the specific hypertension dietary guideline is necessary. I attended a community group meeting about hypertension prevention program focusing on Korean community in New York. The Korean Community Services (KCS) bring issues to light of heart disease and hypertension within Korean population in New York. This community group is established in 1973 as the first community-based social service organization focusing on the Korean population in New York. The group is a voluntary, nonprofit community service agency with the objective to develop and deliver a wide scope of community service programs to meet the various needs of the community. In order to accomplish these goals, KCS provides various professional community service programs in the areas of Aging, Community, Workforce Development, and Public Health. This group serves over a thousand people day by day with the assistance of 10 board members, over 50 staff, and about 100 volunteers who are all working to improve Korean community around the New York area. These staff members comprise of d octors, nurses, and social workers. Leadership which is a core competency of advanced practice nursing (APN) has been defined as moving a group of persons toward a common goal (Hamric, Hanson, Tracym, O’Grady 2013). In the community meeting, the official leadership is given to the director of public health and research department at KCS who started this group meeting and the type of team leadership is transformational leadership. According to Hamric et al (2013), the transformational leadership is pointed at change because the leader has a vision or mission to achieve certain goals. In order to reach those objectives the assistance of others is needed. Such leaders energize and motivate their supporters to accomplish their goals, share their visions, and embrace empowerment (Hamric et al., 2013). In the meeting, the leader determined the vision of the community program and others group members agreed in the value of the leader’s goals. The agenda consists of short term goals, long term goals, and strategies in this meeting. The agenda is decided through the meeting with all members of the group members by a show of hands. The key strategies to prevent or manage high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in Korean community, the group working closely with Korean restaurants to offer healthy menu options to their customers, religious associations (e.g. Korean Churches) to improve nutrition of client by serving healthier food during communal meals, and ‘Keep on Track’ program to improve blood pressure control in the Korean community. The goal of this program is to lower mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular disease among Koreans in New York. At this meeting, it is thought that the community group’s vested interesting is faith-based organizations. During the most recent grant period, KCS secured commitments from over 40 churches in Queens to adopt these standards for communal meals they serve. Many studies have been indicated that high blood pressure as ‘silent killer’ that causes problems with the heart and blood vessels, leading to heart attack, aneurysm, atherosclerosis, kidney failure and other complications (Kim, 2009). Therefore, KCS seeks to raise awareness of the danger of the high blood pressure and its complications by implementing policy, system, and environmental approaches in collaboration with community groups such as churches, ethnic markets, health care providers and pharmacists with linguistically and culturally competent, tailored programs. Client can participant in health educational programs and share their idea to improve Korean community and the programs. Responding to community needs for chronic disease prevention and intervention, KCS offers healthy eating projects to encourage the community to make their environment healthier and to adopt health nutrition policies. Nurses have been major impact on this community group as an educator, c ollaborator, and advocator in this group. This group is dedicated to encouraging people who have of are at risk of hypertension to adopt a healthier diet and lifestyle. Traditionally, Koreans enjoy salty food. Therefore, this community group offer less salt project, it is a restaurant initiative project designed to prevent the high blood pressure that is prevalent in the Korean community. It promoted the reduction of sodium used by Korean ethnic restaurants by offering alternative, lower-sodium methods of preparing traditional foods at their venues and raising awareness among the public in general. This group plays a crucial role in the improvement of local, state, national health planning and policy development. Since 2001, KCS sends their representative to collaborative meetings and annually takes part in a trip to Albany, NY, to speak with elected officials to address the educational and health needs of minors and increasing funding for immigrant services such as Community Health Advocate funds, which help Koreans Americans obtain public health insurance, information about hospital billing practices, and more. As a future APN, it is thought that APNs can play a crucial role in helping KCS promote chronic disease prevention and management by educating and advocating patient as primary health care providers. In order to do this appropriately APNs should achieve analytic assessment skills, community skills and cultural competency. An analytic assessment is needed to promote health promotion and prevention with community that is faced with complex challenges (Hamric et al., 2013 ). Communication skills are also needed for the comprehensive and appropriate exchange of information, and mediation skills are needed to counterbalance conflicts caused by individual personality and viewpoint diversity within a group (Hamric et al., 2013). By utilizing this skill, APNs can organize evidence-based programs and can catch the requirements of the community effectively. In addition, the cultural competency is one of aspects of public health nursing. Through this competency, APN can understand the issues within the community accurately without ethical disparities and can enhance their strategies to prevent disease (Hamric et al, 2013). I would seek to be involved in meetings to discuss important issues like chronic disease prevention and reducing health care disparities. It is believed that as one of future APNs, I can become involved in this group though participation in their programs as educator, primary health care provider, and policy maker to achieve the goals of t he community group. In conclusion, the nursing profession should encourage all APNs to be leaders. APNs can define the scope of their leadership influence in an individual patient, group, and society. As a future APN, it is thought that APN can be the leader of this community group. In order to this, graduates are encouraged to seek additional opportunities for leadership development commensurate with their practice setting and associated leadership needs. APNs should continue to involve themselves in contemporary healthcare debates and equip themselves to provide leadership for change. References Hamric, A. B., Hanson, C. M., Tracy, M. F., OGrady, E. T. (2013). Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach. St, Louis, MI: Elsevier Health Sciences. Kim, Y. O. (2009). Dietary patterns associated with hypertension among Korean males. Nutrition research and practice, 3(2), 162-166. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2009.3.2.162 Korean Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2012). Health Statistics 2012: Korean National Health and Nutrition. Retrieved from http://kostat.go.kr/wnsearch/search.jsp

The Stupidest Angel Chapter 7

Chapter 7 MORNING IS BROKEN It was Wednesday morning, three days before Christmas, when Lena Marquez awoke to find a strange man in her bed. The phone was ringing and the guy next to her made a moaning sound. He was partially covered by the sheets, but Lena was pretty sure that he was naked. â€Å"Hello,† she said into the phone. She lifted the sheet to look. Yep, he was naked. â€Å"Lena, there's supposed to be a storm on Christmas Eve and we were going to have Mavis barbecue for Lonesome Christmas but she can't if it's raining and I yelled at Theo last night and went out and walked around in the dark for two hours and I think he thinks I'm crazy and you should probably know that Dale didn't come home last night and his new – uh, the other, uh – the woman he lives with called Theo in a panic and he – ; â€Å"Molly?† â€Å"Yeah, hi, how you doing?† Lena looked at the clock on the nightstand, then back at the naked man. â€Å"Molly, it's six-thirty.† â€Å"Thanks. It's sixty-seven degrees here. I can see the thermometer outside.† â€Å"What's wrong?† â€Å"I just told you: storm coming. Theo doubts sanity. Dale missing.† Tucker Case rolled over, and despite being half asleep, he appeared to be ready for action. â€Å"Well would you look at that,† Lena thought to herself, then she realized she'd said it into the phone. â€Å"What?† said Molly. Tuck opened his eyes and smiled at her, then followed her gaze south. He pulled the sheet out of her hand and covered himself. â€Å"That's not for you. I just have to pee.† â€Å"Sorry,† Lena said, pulling the sheet quickly over her head. It had been a long time since she'd had to worry about it, but she suddenly remembered a magazine article about not letting a man see you first thing in the morning unless he'd known you for at least three weeks. â€Å"Who was that?† Molly said. Lena made an eye tunnel in the sheet and looked out at Tucker Case, who was getting out of bed, totally unself-conscious, totally naked, his unit leading him into the bathroom, waving before him like a divining rod. She realized right then that she could always find new reasons to resent the male of the species – unself-consciousness was going on the list. â€Å"No one,† Lena said into the phone. â€Å"Lena, you did not sleep with your ex again? Tell me you are not in bed with Dale.† â€Å"I'm not in bed with Dale.† Then the whole night came rolling back on her and she thought she might throw up. Tucker Case had made her forget for a while. Okay, maybe she could count that as a positive toward men, but the anxiety was back. She'd killed Dale. She was going to jail. But she needed to pretend she didn't know anything. â€Å"What did you say about Dale, Molly?† â€Å"So who are you in bed with?† â€Å"Dammit, Molly, what happened to Dale?† She hoped she sounded convincing. â€Å"I don't know. His new girlfriend called and said he didn't come home after the Caribou Christmas party. I just thought you should know, you know, in case it turns out that something bad happened.† â€Å"I'm sure he's okay. He probably just met some tramp at the Head of the Slug and sold her on his workingman charm.† â€Å"Yuck,† Molly said. â€Å"Oh, sorry. Look, Lena, they said on the news this morning that a big storm is coming in off the Pacific. We're going to have El Ni;o this year. We have to figure out something for the food for Lonesome Christmas – not to mention what to do if a lot of people show up. The chapel is awfully small.† Lena was still trying to figure out what to do about Dale. She wanted to tell Molly. If anybody would understand, it would be Molly. Lena had been around a couple of times when Molly had gone through her â€Å"breaks.† She understood things getting out of control. â€Å"Look, Molly, I need – ; â€Å"And I yelled at Theo last night, Lena. Really bad. He hasn't taken off like that in a long time. I may have fucked Christmas up.† â€Å"Don't be silly, Mol, you couldn't do that. Theo understands.† Meaning, He knows you're crazy and loves you anyway. Just then, Tucker Case came back into the room, retrieved his pants from the floor, and started pulling them on. â€Å"I've got to go feed the bat,† Tuck said. He pulled a banana partially out of his front pocket. Lena threw the sheets off her head and tried to think of something to say. Tuck grinned, pulling the banana all the way out. â€Å"Oh, you thought I was just glad to see you?† â€Å"Uh – I – shit.† Tuck stepped over and kissed her eyebrow. â€Å"I am glad to see you,† he said. â€Å"But I have to feed the bat, too. I'll be right back.† He walked out of the room, barefoot and shirtless. Okay, he probably would be back. â€Å"Lena, who was that? Tell me?† Lena realized that she was still holding the phone. â€Å"Look, Molly, I'll have to call you back, okay? We'll figure something out for Friday night.† â€Å"But, I have to make amends –  » â€Å"I'll call you.† Lena hung up and crawled out of bed. If she was quick she could wash her face and get some mascara on before Tucker got back. She started zooming around the room, naked, until she felt someone watching her. There was a big bay window that looked out on a forest, and since her bedroom was on the second floor, it was like waking up in a tree house, but no one could possibly look in. She spun around and there, hanging from the gutter, was a giant fruit bat. And he was looking at her – no, not just looking at her, he was checking her out. She pulled the sheet off the bed and covered herself. â€Å"Go eat your banana,† she shouted at the bat. Roberto licked his chops. There had been a time, during his bong-rat years, when Theophilus Crowe would have stated, with little reservation, that he did not like surprises, that he preferred routine over variety, predictability over uncertainty, the known over the unknown. Then, a few years ago, while working on Pine Cove's last murder case, Theo had gotten to know and fallen in love with Molly Michon, the ex-scream queen of the B-movie silver screen, and everything changed. He had broken one of the cardinal rules – Never go to bed with anyone crazier than yourself – and he'd been loving life ever since. They had their little agreement, if he stayed off his drug (pot) she'd stay on hers (antipsychotics), and consequently she'd have his unmuddled attention and he'd only get the most pleasant aspects of the Warrior Babe persona that Molly sometimes slipped into. He'd learned to delight in her company and the occasional weirdness that she brought into his life. But last night had been too much for him. He'd come through the door wanting, nay, needing to share his bizarre story about the blond man, with the only person who actually might believe him and not berate him for being a stoner, and she had chosen that precise moment to lapse into hostile batshit mode. So, he'd fallen off the wagon, and by the time he returned to their cabin that night, he had smoked enough pot to put a Rastafarian choir in a coma. That's not what the pot patch he'd been growing had been for. Not at all. Not like the old days, when he maintained a small victory garden for personal use. No, the little forest of seven-foot sticky bud platforms that graced the edge of their lot on the ranch was purely a commercial endeavor, albeit for the right reason. For love. Over the years, even as the prospect of ever returning to the movies became more remote, Molly had continued to work out with her giant broadsword. Stripped to her underwear, or dressed in a sports bra and sweatpants, every day in the clearing in front of the cabin she'd declare â€Å"en garde† to an imaginary partner and proceed to spin, leap, thrust, parry, hack, and slash herself breathless. Beyond the fact that the ritual kept her incredibly fit, it made her happy, which, in turn, pleased Theo to no end. He'd even encouraged her to get involved in Japanese kendo, and to little surprise, she was excellent at it, consistently winning matches against opponents nearly twice her size. And indirectly, all this had led to Theo's growing pot commercially for the first time in his life. He'd tried other means, but banks seemed more than a little reluctant to lend him nearly a half year's salary in order to purchase a samurai sword. Well, not samurai precisely, but a Japanese sword – an ancient Japanese sword, made by the master swordmaker Hisakuni of Yamashiro in the late thirteenth century. Sixty thousand folded layers of high carbon steel, perfectly balanced, and razor sharp even eight hundred years later. It was a tashi, a curved cavalry sword, longer and heavier than the traditional katanas used later by samurais in ground combat. Molly would appreciate the weight during her workouts, as its heft was closer to that of the theatrical broadsword she'd brought with her as a legacy of her failed movie career. She would also appreciate that it was real, and Theo hoped that she'd see that it was his way of saying that he loved all the parts of her, even the War rior Babe (he just liked rubbing up against some parts more than others). The tashi was now wrapped in velvet and hiding at the back of the top shelf of Theo's closet, where he used to keep his bong collection. The money? Well, an old friend of Theo's from the stoner days, a Big Sur grower now turned wholesaler, had been happy to advance Theo the money against his crop. It was supposed to have been a purely commercial venture: get in, get out, and nobody gets hurt. But now Theo was showing up stoned for work for the first time in years, and following a bad night, he could just sense that this wasn't going to be a good day. Then the call came in from Dale Pearson's girlfriend/wife/whatever, and the descent into hell day started. Theo drowned his eyes in Visine and stopped at Brine's Bait, Tackle, and Fine Wines for a large coffee before he headed over to Lena Marquez's house in search of her ex-husband. While it was clear from the incident at the Thrifty-Mart on Monday, and a dozen earlier incidents, that their dislike for each other bordered on hatred, it hadn't stopped them from hooking up from time to time for some familiar post-divorce sex. Theo wouldn't have even known about it, except Molly was good friends with Lena and women talked about that sort of thing. Lena lived in a nice two-story Craftsman-style house on a half acre of pine forest that butted up to one of Pine Cove's many ranches. It was more house than she would have been able to afford working as a property manager, but then, she had put up with Dale Pearson for five years of marriage, and for five years since, so it was the least she deserved, Theo thought. He liked the sound of his hiking boots on the porch as he walked to the front door, and he thought that he and Molly should build a porch on their little cabin. He thought they could maybe get a wind chime, and a swing, have a little heater so they could sit outside on cold evenings. Then he realized, as he felt that vibration of footsteps coming to the door, that he was totally and completely baked. That they would know he was baked. That no amount of Visine or coffee was going to cover the fact that he was baked. Twenty years of functioning stoned was not going to serve him now – he'd lost his edge, he was no lo nger in the game, the eye of the tiger was bloodshot. â€Å"Hi, Theo,† Lena said, opening the door. She wore a man's oversize sweatshirt and red socks. Her long black hair, which normally flowed down her back like liquid satin, was all knotted up at the back of her head, and there was a big tangle sticking out by one ear. Sex hair. Theo shuffled on the porch like a kid getting ready to ask the girl next door for a first date. â€Å"I'm sorry to bother you so early, but I wondered if you've seen Dale. Since Monday, I mean.† She seemed to fade away from the door, like she was ready to faint. Theo was sure it was because she knew he was high. â€Å"No, Theo. Why?† â€Å"Well, uh, Betsy called, and said that Dale didn't come home last night.† Betsy was Dale's new wife/girlfriend/whatever. She was a waitress down at H.P.'s Cafe and over the years had become notorious for having affairs with a lot of married guys. â€Å"I was just, uh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Why wouldn't she interrupt him? He didn't want to say that he knew that she and Dale got together for spite sex occasionally. He wasn't supposed to know.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ so, uh, I was just wondering.† â€Å"Hi, who's this?† said a blond guy who had appeared shirtless behind Lena in the doorway. â€Å"Oh, thank God,† Theo said, taking a deep breath. â€Å"I'm Theo Crowe, I'm the town constable.† He looked at Lena for an introduction. â€Å"This is Tucker – uh, Tuck.† She had no idea what this guy's last name was. â€Å"Tucker Case,† said Tucker Case, stepping around Lena and offering his hand to shake. â€Å"I should have introduced myself to you sooner, I guess, since we're in the same business.† â€Å"What business is that?† Theo never thought of himself as being a businessman, but he guessed that he was now. â€Å"I'm flying helicopter for the DEA,† said Tucker Case. â€Å"You know, infrared, finding growers and stuff.† Clear! His heart has stopped! Code blue! Five hundred milligrams of epinephrine, direct shot to the pericardium, stat! He's flatlining, people. Clear! â€Å"Nice to meet you,† Theo said, hoping his heart failure wasn't showing. â€Å"Well, sorry to bother you. I'll just be on my way.† He let go of Tuck's hand and started walking away, thinking: Don't walk stoned, don't walk stoned – for the love of God, how did I do this all of those years? â€Å"Uh, Constable,† Tuck said. â€Å"Why was it that you stopped by? Ouch!† Theo turned. Lena had just punched the pilot in the arm, evidently pretty hard – he was massaging it. â€Å"Uh, nothing. Just a fellow didn't go home last night, and I thought Lena might have an idea where he went.† Theo was trying to back away from the house, but then stopped, remembering that he might trip on the porch steps. How would he explain that to the DEA? â€Å"Last night? That's not even a missing person for, what, twenty-four, forty-eight hours? Ouch! Dammit, that's not necessary.† Tucker Case rubbed his shoulder where Lena had punched him again. Theo thought that she might have violence issues with men. Lena looked at Theo and grinned, as if she was embarrassed about the punch. â€Å"Theo, Molly called me this morning and told me about Dale. I told her I hadn't seen him. Didn't she tell you?† â€Å"Sure. Sure, she told me. I just, you know, I thought you might have some ideas. I mean, your friend is right, Dale's not really missing, officially, for another twelve hours or so, but, you know, it's a small town, and I, you know, have a job and stuff.† â€Å"Thanks, Theo,† Lena said, waving to him even though he was only a few feet away and wasn't moving away from the house. The pilot was waving, too, smiling. Theo didn't like being around new lovers who had just gotten laid, especially when things weren't going that well in his own love life. They seemed smug, even if they weren't trying to be. He spotted something dark swinging from the ceiling of the porch, right where the wind chime would have been on his and Molly's porch, if he hadn't just sacrificed their security by relapsing into dope-fiendism. It couldn't be what it looked like. â€Å"So, that's a, uh, that looks like –  » â€Å"A bat,† said Lena. Holy fuck, Theo thought, that thing is huge. â€Å"A bat,† he said. â€Å"Sure. Of course.† â€Å"Fruit bat,† Tucker Case clarified. â€Å"From Micronesia.† â€Å"Oh, right,† Theo said. Micronesia was not a real place. The blond guy was fucking with him. â€Å"Well, I'll see you guys.† â€Å"See you at Lonesome Christmas on Friday,† Lena said. â€Å"Say hi to Molly.† † ‘Kay,† Theo said, climbing into the Volvo. He closed the car door. They went inside. He let his head hit the steering wheel. They know, he thought. â€Å"He knows,† Lena said, her back against the front door. â€Å"He doesn't know.† â€Å"He's smarter than he looks. He knows.† â€Å"He doesn't know. And he didn't look dumb, he looked kind of stoned.† â€Å"No, he wasn't stoned, that was suspicion.† â€Å"Don't you think if he was suspicious he might have asked where you were last night?† â€Å"Well, he could see that, with you walking out there with your shirt off, and me looking so, you know – so – ; â€Å"Satisfied?† â€Å"No, I was going to say ‘disheveled. † She punched his arm. â€Å"Jeez, get over yourself.† â€Å"Ouch. That is completely out of line.† â€Å"I'm in trouble here,† Lena said. â€Å"You can at least be supportive.† â€Å"Supportive? I helped you hide the body. In some countries that implies commitment.† She wound up to punch him, then caught herself, but left her fist there in the air, just in case. â€Å"You really don't think he was suspicious?† â€Å"He didn't even ask why you have a giant fruit bat hanging out on your porch. He's oblivious. Just going through the motions.† â€Å"Why do I have a giant fruit bat hanging from the porch?† â€Å"Comes with the package.† He grinned and walked away. Now she felt stupid, standing there, her fist in the air. She felt unenlightened, dense, silly, unevolved, all the things she thought only other people were. She followed him into the bedroom, where he was putting on his shirt. â€Å"I'm sorry I hit you.† He rubbed his bruised shoulder. â€Å"You have tendencies. Should I hide your shovel?† â€Å"That's a horrible thing to say.† She almost punched him, but instead, trying to be more evolved, and less threatening, she put her arms around him. â€Å"It was an accident.† â€Å"Release me. I have to go spot bad guys with my helicopter,† he said, patting her on the bottom. â€Å"You're taking the bat with you, right?† â€Å"You don't want to hang out with him?† â€Å"No offense, but he's a little creepy.† â€Å"You have no idea,† said Tuck.

Women and Advertising

2AHIFA? JELAI It’s the Image that Is Imperfect Advertising and Its Impact on Women Advertisements and media images have a stronger impact on shaping gender images than books on feminism and scholarly experiments on gender equality. Stereotypes and generalisations in ads continue to objectify women, and place stress solely on their appearance, thus devaluing their innate worth. INDHU RAJAGOPAL, JENNIFER GALES Prologue I n examining higher education, there is a tendency to assume that all students have equal opportunities and only merit matters. There are, however, some unique factors that mitigate chances for qual treatment for all groups because of different ascriptive characteristics of students who wish to access, and achieve merit in, higher education. Gender is one such ascriptive characteristic that blocks girls and women both socially and academically from realising their fullest potential. In this paper, we will examine how gender-based social images that are transmitte d through the media act as barriers to realising students’ full potential in their life. Could higher education intervene in and vitiate these media images? As far as gender issues are concerned, it can be proven that the power of advertisements nd media images has a stronger impact in shaping gender images than what books on feminism and scholarly experiments have on gender equality. On the assumption that education shapes our intellect, we proceed to explore in this paper how media shape the images, especially those of girls and women. The Image-Making As we sit here watching the new Levi’s commercial – yes, the one with the catchy tune with the singing belly buttons – we find ourselves becoming a victim to the Economic and Political Weekly power of advertising. We were thinking how good these jeans would be especially for someone with my body type as we hum he song and do the dance. Then it hit us we are turning into the advertiser’s best friend – the one who believes anything they say. Furthermore, we are getting ready to tell our friends about the new ‘item’ on the market and how there are jeans to fit women with the wide hip too! The power that advertisements carry with them is sensational. They have the ability to change and shape people’s opinions of themselves with one picture of an image that is technologically modified to represent the advertiser’s perspective of what is seen as perfect by viewers. The key word is advertiser’s perspective because often he person who has created what she or he deems as the ideal image has also created the model. Often advertisements do not correctly represent the majority of society or even a small percentage of how women actually look. This analysis is intended to enlighten readers on the effect advertisements carry with them, specifically on women. First the discussion will expand on the societal milieu that ads hold, and then continue to e xplain the effects consumerism and promotional messages on this group of individuals. By looking at advertisements, and at theoretical and scholarly literature as well as popular culture material on the topic, this nalysis will show how the images advertisements allude to can influence and shape a woman’s perspective of herself. Matlin (1987) explains how the media’s misrepresentation of women in advertise- August 10, 2002 ments has created plenty of stereotypical representations of women. She lists seven empirically documented stereotypes that have been created by advertisements. Matlin’s1 sixth stereotype states that women’s bodies are used differently from men’s bodies in advertisements [Matlin 1987: 43]. In advertisements, men are shown accompanying the female and looking directly into the camera whereas females are portrayed with their eyes ooking away from the camera. Women are often shown in a sexual or vulnerable position in order to sell t he product, whether it is an advertisement for shaving cream or alcoholic beverage, for instance, Edge Shaving Cream, Pepsi-Cola or Absolute Vodka. Is this a reasonable representation of how women act and dress? No, it is not; but these types of ads are able to change what women think they should look like. When magazines feature pages on â€Å"make your butt look good in every outfit†, you have to wonder whether your butt does not look good now. You think: â€Å"I must have had a problem all along and I never noticed! Then, as you read on, you see some skinny and obviously attractive woman is advertising this article, which makes you think, â€Å"I will benefit and look like her if I read this article and buy the product†! Matlin illustrates how, when women look at advertisements showing beautiful female models, they tend to be less satisfied with their own attractiveness [Matlin 1987:44]. It is evident that the media will be the catalyst for these women to have body image problems. But do you blame them? Anyone would be self-conscious of his/her image after looking through a magazine filled with attractive women who portray unattainable images.Matlin describes how the medium is an important force in shaping reality [Matlin 1987: 43]. It is these stereotyped representations that help to shape womens’ opinions of what they should look like. Often girls and women forget that, and become sensitised by advertisements. They do not realise that they are conforming to what the ads show by reading the magazine ad’s prescription that will help them look like the woman in the ad in just three weeks! Realistically, these gender stereotypes only create more barriers for women. By creating 3333 these unrealistic images of women both genders are affected by these unreasonable nd often unattainable expectations and goals. The power of ads shapes men’s expectations for finding women who are over five feet and six inches tall, but still wei ghing less than 100 pounds, who look great in tight clothes, and demure and submissive. This is not a practical or reasonable expectation. In real life situations, it creates a downward spiral of disappointment and disillusionment. We live in a world where the goal of many North American women is to look like the next model in the Victoria’s Secret advertisements, which is one of the few catalogues a man generally grabs from the mail pile nd eagerly reads. Kang tries to answer the question: what messages do magazine advertisements on women transmit to society (1997: 979)? Following closely on Erving Goffman’s original study on gender analysis, the findings in this article are quite similar to the original survey that not much of a change has occurred over the years in the way women’s roles are portrayed. Advertisements have consistently confined women to the traditional role of a mother, or beauty, or sex symbol, and these do not represent women’s diversi ty [Kang 1997: 981]. This is similar to what Matlin refers to as gender stereotypes in ads.Ads use women not as humans but as objects. Stereotypes and generalisations in ads continue to objectify women, and place stress solely on their appearance, thus devaluing their innate worth. Kilbourne (1995) points out that a picture ad by only looking at one part of the body, for instance, the breasts, dismembers the woman’s body and objectifies her. This effect is demonstrated in alcohol or beverages or perfume ads that use a women’s body as the bottle. Ads seem to show more often skinny women cleaning the bathroom, making dinner or even worse putting on make-up; the women in these pictures are never heavy or even verage in size. The ads are made to portray unrealistic and over-exaggerated images. Women may indeed be engaged in such tasks; but how many women at home are organising their husband’s clothes and dusting antiques, wearing the latest makeup collection or the newest and trendiest outfit? These ads are so reminiscent of the 1950s image of June Cleaver waiting for her husband Ward to come home, while she cooks dinner and waters the plants wearing her pearl necklace. Again, we 3334 see the emphasis on the woman being attractive, no matter what role she plays. Once more, we see that advertisements ranslate and portray attractiveness as being tall, skinny and with flawless skin to condition the onlookers and attract them to such representations made in the ad. Kilbourne is a pioneering researcher on the topic of misrepresentation of women in advertisements. She is an avid lecturer, and has produced many videos on the topic of her lectures. Her most recent book Can’t Buy My Love (1999) talks about the way advertising can influence women and mould their opinions. Just as we are more vulnerable to the glory and heartbreak of romantic love than we will ever be again, at no time are we more vulnerable to the eductive power of advertising an d of addiction than we are in our adolescence [Kilbourne 1999: 129]. Thus, we are shown how a woman is actually influenced by ads and can end up physically trying to change to fit what she sees as acceptable because the advertisers show her that she needs to be skinny. In her video ‘Killing us Softly 3’, Kilbourne continues to look at magazine advertisements and the images they promote. She looks carefully at what Goffman outlines as his â€Å"categories† to analyse advertisements. 2 Kilbourne’s mandate is to make people take ads seriously because they do have an effect on humans and specially marginalised groups in this case, women. In her video, she touches on the obvious, but often forgotten, fact that technology plays a part in what we view as the perfect-looking person [Kilbourne 2000]. It is impossible to remove every line or blemish to create the illusion we viewers try to create. That is why I feel that ads are not healthy for women because they gi ve that fond hope that we could look like that person if we just, do/use ‘this’ and take ‘that’. What many viewers do not realise, as Kilbourne so quickly pointed out, is that often what we see are advertisements that have been air-brushed or created from a atabase of physical parts of various attractive human beings [Kilbourne 1995]. So Kilbourne asks the real question: when only 5 per cent of women can look like models why do we rush around to look like something we cannot be? [Kilbourne 2000]. Kilbourne’s research proves that young girls are easily influenced by these ads and will do anything to create the look granted as attractive. Cultivating a thinner body offers some hope of control and success to young women with a poor self- image [Kilbourne 1999: 132]. The image of beauty in thinness is often the only body type ever advertised, and therefore shown to women.Marilyn Monroe was a national sex symbol, but was a size 12! [Kilbourne 2000]. It wa s originally thought that the extra skinny women would wear clothes well for a designer, and that way the audience would only see the outfit not the body because there was not much to see. Unfortunately, that plan backfired and the media had a field day with stressing the beauty of the women under the supposed item in question, the outfit. In the past, women who were skinny were not attractive, and were even thought of to be living a povertystricken life because they were so thin. In the present day, many young girls do not ee that these images of being thin are unattainable, and turn to being anorexic or bulimic [Stemple and Tyler 1974: 272]. Having advertisers choose what is sexy is not correct or healthy for a society. Girls live day by day on what is cool or not because the latest issue of Cosmopolitan dictates what is cool. Their life revolves around the new ‘get fit diet’, or around the top that makes them look like they have extra big breasts. The advertisement i n the Martha Stewart magazine (January 2002) is an example of how women of all ages can become the new target audience. It would be logical o assume that ‘Billi Jo’ can be seen as a middle-aged person (shown in the picture of herself in the inset before she lost weight). Following her use of the Jenny Craig Ultimate Choice Program, she was able to lose weight and feel good again. Keep in mind that it does state that results are not typical, but still the persuasive language and attractive picture only assist in making the advertisement truthful. The advertisement was featured in the prestigious Martha Stewart magazine. This magazine personifies a specific image of good taste and sophistication, which is another way to promote these ad images s acceptable. Kilbourne talks about the objectification of women. This is a common advertising tactic often used. â€Å"Many ads feature just a part of a woman’s body – a derriere, a headless torso† [Kilbourne 1 999:258]. An article in Newsweek explored the truth of stereotypes and how these stereotypes affect the genders. In the eyes of Cross (1996), this can be seen as gender typing: the process by which we identify not only people, but also vocabulary and speech patterns, gestures and behaviours, objects Economic and Political Weekly August 10, 2002 and activities as either masculine or feminine [Cross 1996: 94].By allowing this to happen, stereotypes are formed and perpetuated by the people who believe in these gender stereotypes. Claude Steele, a Stanford University psychologist, showed something more important – the impact on targets of a stereotype whose behaviour is most powerfully affected by it. A stereotype that pervades the culture the way ‘ditzy blondes’ and ‘forgetful seniors’ do, makes people painfully aware of how society views them – so painfully aware, in fact, that knowledge of stereotypes can affect how well they do on intellectual and other tasks [Begley 2000: 66]. This in turn emonstrates the truth of how gender stereotyping contributes to this problem and sustains its existence. Generalisations of this nature can be seen to have a role in advertising campaigns. Either they are the ads that create the gender stereotype or sustain it through pictures and catchy slogans, such as ‘you’ve come a long way, baby’. The ad for Victoria’s Secrets shows a woman, but all you see is her body with a caption of ‘all you see is curves’. This model’s gestures and behaviour are portrayed as feminine, and she only helps to further the idea of women as objects and more so as merely shadows in the dark.Another example of how popular culture material only encourages the stereotypes to exist is e-mail that defines what are seen to be the differences in male and female vocabulary patterns; this is a demonstration of what Cross defines as gender typing. Stemple and Tyler (1974) are ab le to give a brief synopsis of the historical changes of women in advertisements, ultimately showing how the portrayal of women has not changed very much over time. There is still the emphasis placed in the ads on what we should be, but not what we are. The ever so prominent theme still jumps out to the reader of how advertising elped to create an obsession with a woman’s physical appearance. The obsession became so deeply imbedded in women in a short span of time that they began to believe that if they did not work to look like the women in the advertisements – beautiful and youthful – they would never get or keep a man [Stemple and Tyler 1974: 272]. The most surprising aspect of this article was the survey conducted on how 30 college women interpreted these advertisements. Stemple and Tyler found that these women were not affected by the images the ads showed and felt no real Economic and Political Weekly negativity.These results were questionable, but still u seful in showing the different assumptions that can be made on this topic. Not knowing the criteria or specifics of these individuals, I speculate that the sample that saw these ads was small, and maybe these women have been exposed to this type of ad so often that they are immune to the message and image from these ads. As mentioned earlier in this paper, Kilbourne talks about how ads need to be taken seriously and not disregarded because there is a larger picture that results out of the message the advertisements give off; the idea of ‘perfection’ for women.She has shown how women’s obsession with body image has been nurtured by the advertising industry, and how historically this has not changed the idea that only skinny and pretty women live on earth. Women have to remember that it is the image that is imperfect, not the body [Wrinkler 1994: 231]. Sullivan and O’Connor give you an idea of alternative bias on the topic of advertisements influencing what women think. Results indicate that current advertisements in some ways reflect more acutely the true diversity of women’s social and occupational roles than did those of earlier time periods (1988: 181). This is not to say that hanges have not occurred in the area of advertising. We have seen an increase in the appearance of males in magazines, but they are still not being degraded in the same manner as women are usually portrayed. This is an extreme limitation to a controversial argument that ads create an unrealistic image of what women should look like and in turn causes women to feel a large sense of insecurity about themselves. One reason for the findings could be that this article did take its conclusions from the late 1950s to the early 1980s. On the contrary, the earlier article by Stemple and Tyler (1974) concluded that not much as changed in the way women are shown in ads. Sullivan and O’Connor looked specifically at the connection between social changes and the way in which the media has reflected these changes in advertisements since 1910. These authors are able to argue that ads have gone against what they have been stereotyped to do; show women in the home, needing the help of a male, and as decorative pieces. They feel that those responsible for the creation of magazine advertising have begun to recognise the increasing economic and social status of women in America [Sullivan and O’Connor 1988: 188]. The reasons for August 10, 2002 hese assumptions could range from their choice of magazines analysed to the nature of sample group they used. Even though they were able to state that changes had occurred on the image and the way women are used, they still felt that there was room for improvement. How many ads realistically depict women in their true form? The argument would seem to centre on whether advertisements have changed to realistically portray women or that there is no change in their portrayal. But both sides will agree that there can always be more improvement in this area. The true goal of advertisers is to create an image hat will generate profits for the product they are selling. The question remains whether these advertising executives are conscious of the societal problems created by them or whether they have intentionally created them as part of their selling strategy. We will never be told. We do know is that they do profit from advertisements that encourage girls to want something more, something difficult to attain/achieve in the context of where they are now. Looking through various current magazines, it was apparent that the stereotypes are evident, but maybe not to the extent that we have seen in the past. Could a hange be taking place? Sullivan and O’Connor feel that advertisements are changing with time. Women should be better represented, and not as Matlin would say, stereotyped characters. Kilbourne disagrees with this so-called change, and feels that much larger problems h ave been created by advertisements. Her research has shown that women’s selfesteem goes down at adolescence due to advertisements that portray a fake reality of women to these susceptible teenage minds [Kilbourne 2000]. This is not to say that men are left out of this process of stereotyping. They are stereotyped too, but men are usually generalised as being too ld or extremely wealthy [Kilbourne 2000]. Advertisements for men often do not degrade them by comparing them to objects, or focus on their thighs being too large and hence needing the new cream to create longer legs in four days or less! Advertisements and Their Impact A recent article in a York University student newspaper, Excalibur (January 2002) illustrates the feeling the university student experiences with advertisements and the allure of new products. The caption defiantly uses gender-specific terms to only 3335 emphasis the stress of being a woman these days. If people do not ‘smooth their wrinkles or im prove their pigment’, they ay not feel like a woman or even a person. This ad seems to carry plenty of sarcastic overtones of hate for this type of environment at York University. It seems that institutions such as a university are a focal point for advertisers to market their new ideas and watch if the trends take off. Another article in the university newspaper contributes to this materialistic critique of the university environment. The title, ‘You are What You Wear’, sums up the basic point of how the York students feel that clothes, and in a larger sense looks and appearance, shape the views of others. The interesting point of the article is that t is written from a black woman’s point of view on the topic of ‘label’ dressers. The author seems to be more embarrassed that black students follow the trends and sport the labels because, â€Å"wearing these name brands gives the wearer an elevated status† [Barnes 2002:8]. Her argument s eems to be similar to mine, that if you know yourself, then you may not be caught up in this fashion trend. But when looking at university students and this fashion environment, I cannot help but question whether this is a problem only for this age group. Advertisements have now changed their target towards multi-audiences with ne ad. Why would we think that this label issue affects only our demographics? Well it does not, and the message sent through ads is that everyone should be a part of this cultural trend of dressing well. Advertisements have the power to make the poor, rich, fat or skinny students feel insecure about their selves. If they did not, then what good would these ads be? The insecurity created by pictures ensures that the consumer will be spending or trying something to fix their appearance. Labels are just another area where advertisers use a name to target the audience. A name goes a long way, especially when ttractive individuals wear the advertised clothes. Kle in (2000) attacks this problem created by advertisers. A major reason why these advertisements are placed in schools is due to one basic fact. The advertising agencies are aware that students form their opinions in this environment, and take them with them wherever they go. Is it not better to start at this easy, impressionable age and have students edified into believing what the advertisements preach? They want conformity and lack of decision on 3336 the consumer’s part. That is what I see as so ironic, we are in an institution to learn and form our own views and not try to be haped by others. Oddly enough, in a university or college, there is an effort made in using other people’s views, and then shaping our own, for example, to learn about Freud’s or Erikson’s theories on child socialisation and then creating your own point of view. The use of popular cultural material creates a vehicle that makes it a lot easier to shape a person’s point of vi ew. This is second nature to the advertisers producing this abundance of ads in magazines. The university is seen as an ideal starting point. Klein focuses on the university as a tool/ venue used by brand-name companies to establish themselves.For example, many universities will turn to the scientific community for funding of new university building and locations, such as the University of Western Ontario’s 3M Centre devoted to research in the sports medicine field. Or they will accept donations placing these company names before the university name on the large sign that greets students before they enter their new learning environment. Klein concludes by saying how, â€Å"university campus in particular with their residences, libraries, green spaces and common standards for open and respectful discourse play a crucial, if now largely symbolic, role: they are the one lace left where young people can see a genuine public life being lived† [Klein 2000: 105]. This seems t o be ideal but not evident from our conversation on advertisements and the power they hold to possess individuals to create unrealistic goals for themselves. Universities are filled with logos – ideals and images to follow which only create a larger plain of unrealistic pictures of what women should be like. The difference between viewing an image and hearing or imagining is that ones imagination can create an unrealistic image in a person’s mind. Itamar Marcus is the Canadian director of the Palestinian MediaWatch, which is a privately funded organisation that monitors the media’s influence on the citizens of that country. Through his presentation on the topic of media and the powerful influences they create, he demonstrates the power pictures and words have. He explains that the media has shaped the lives and views of these people. People believe what they have been told, and furthermore what the specially edited books tell them [Marcus 2002]. In this case, Ma rcus shows how the school books have been rearranged to teach the youth a history different from what is taught elsewhere in the world. The Palestinian ids learn that Israel is not a country, and they are told that cities like Jaffa are a part of their land. By viewing these distorted maps or pictures they believe what they are told even more. This shows the power that words carry and the effect that images have on a group of people. Another example is the manner in which the youth of Palestine are taught to hate westerners. With pictures of westerners raping and killing their people, they are made to believe what they are told to be the truth about the western world. Marcus points out how images such as these are so â€Å"powerful† that the youth are socialised to become martyrs or their country because they see it as the right way to act. The government is using its power to create images that are not necessarily true. Verbal or written images will coerce individuals to use their own reference to imagine the truth, but pictures show exactly what they want us to believe. This is a situation illustrating how the way an image when projected with design has power and an undeniable appeal and validity. In North America, the advertisers use their power to create unrealistic images for whatever products they are hired to advertise. These images have the power to create an impression, a desire and a reality that ay not always be true. By creating a possibility, a hope and a dream, women are made to hear and then see pictures of other attractive women achieving these goals through using or having these products. These images have a strong and somewhat subliminal effect on them. It is easy to forget that we need to celebrate the differences among human beings and the uniqueness of each. We are not ‘transformer toys’ or ‘robots’ that can change body parts with a snap of the wrist and a new outfit. Advertisers hope that we will buy into these changes. Unfortunately, this misconception is perpetuated by the advertising industry.The more that women and even men realise that it is all right to listen and read the ads as long as you realise it is not a way to judge yourself by their standards that you will survive in the advertising war of pictures and words. It seems hard not to be concerned with your appearance when there is such an emphasis to look good, right or wrong. Essentially, this paper has been looking at various literature and current advertise- Economic and Political Weekly August 10, 2002 ments to speculate what effect advertisements have on women’s self-images. There still is another facet of the topic that has roubled me: is it not a question of socialisation? Does the way a woman is socialised as a child maturing into adolescence determine the likelihood of her being affected by the media’s depiction of women? If a young girl is taught to be confident and happy with her own self, would sh e still be influenced by advertisements? Why should the advertisements have the final say on beauty? The simple answer is that we let them. Can girls be properly taught that these pictures and images are not always truthful and that they should not use them as a mirror? Could self-confidence be the proper tool for teenaged girls to overcome he messages from the advertisements? As Marshall McLuhan said, the medium is the message. We need to teach girls how to deal with the message. The message will continue to be strong and distorted. Instead of fighting the images, we should teach girls that these ideals are unattainable and that they should not literally kill themselves to try to look like something that is impossible to achieve. Possibly these young women have been socialised into a pattern of insecurity or worthlessness even before they view advertisements. When they see these images on paper, the images reinforce what they already assumed about their role and omen’s roles in society. It has been stated, however, that since the early 1900s advertisements have depicted women in an insulting and often degrading manner. Hypothetically if the women who grew up during these periods are now mothers, then most likely they taught these norms to their daughters as well. Then the next generation is influenced by these advertising stereotypes, and in turn transfer these ideals to its youth. It believes in what was shown because it was not taught any better. Socialisation is a lifelong process, but it does not guarantee that a person can change or has the tools to change.With presentday slogans of ‘girl power’ from the Spice Girls, it seems hard to take them seriously when the same girls preaching girl power are wearing close to nothing on stage and over-made up with exaggerated cosmetics and costumes. Stemple and Tyler touch on how the women’s liberation movement has been devalued. The authors showed, however, that ads are a blatant co-optin g of the women’s movement; the offensive ‘baby’ in ‘you’ve come along way, baby’ clearly indicates we have not [Stemple and Economic and Political Weekly Tyler 1974: 273]. It has been shown that advertisements create a vicious cycle that emands an audience to become engulfed with an idea in order to create a profit for their clients. These advertisements and social ideas, rather than education that teaches you to be objective and critical, have been engraved in one’s culture and in the psyche of the general population. It seems to be illogical and naive on the part of any women who feel they need to starve themselves or throw up their food in order to look ‘good’. It is obvious to see how these girls feel that this is what they are supposed to do to deal with societal pressures of looking a specific way. It is difficult to accept, but women have been ingrained with hese pseudo-images. In turn, women and girls buy into this fantasy in the hope of fulfilling their desires and dreams. -29 Notes 1 Margaret Matlin outlines what she views as ‘stereotyped representations’. She states, â€Å"Hundreds of studies have been conducted in the representation of women in the media. From these resources we can draw the following conclusions†. She continues on to outline seven stereotypes that target women these are: 1) Women are relatively invisible; 2) Women are relatively inaudible; 3) Although most women are employed they are seldom shown working outside the home; 4) Women are shown oing housework; 5) Women and men are represented differently; 6) Women’s bodies are used differently from men’s bodies in advertisements; 7) Women of colour – when they are shown at all – are often represented in a particularly biased way [Matlin 1987: 43-44]. Her conclusions are helpful in deciphering the reality of how women are affected by advertisements. It was very useful to have the se stereotyped representations to add a sense of soundness to the conclusions made on the advertisements and the societal situation that has been created. 2 Kang, Mee-Eun, ‘The Portrayal of Women’s Images in Magazine Advertisements: Goffman’sGender Analysis Revisited’ Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 37 11/12 (1997): 979-996. pp 984985: The following theoretical definitions in Goffman’s Gender Advertisements are utilised in this study: (1) Relative size: One way in which social weight (eg, power, authority, rank, office, and renown) is echoed expressively in social situations is through relative size, especially height. The male’s usual superiority of status over the female will be expressible in his greater girth and height. It is assumed that differences in size will correlate with differences in social weight. (2) Feminine touch: Women, more than men, re pictured using their fingers and hands to trace outlines of an object or to cradle it or to caress its surface or to effect a â€Å"just barely touching†. This ritualistic touching is to August 10, 2002 distinguish from the utilitarian kind that grasps, manipulates, or holds. (3) Function ranking: When a man and a woman collaborate face – to face in an undertaking, the man is likely to perform the executive role. This hierarchy of functions is pictured either within an occupational frame or outside of occupational specialisations. (4) Ritualisation of subordination: A classic stereotype of deference is that of lowering oneself hysically in some form or other of prostration. Correspondingly, holding the body erect and the head high is stereotypically a mark of unashamedness, superiority, and disdain. The configurations of canting postures can be read as an acceptance of subordination, an expression of ingratiation, submisssiveness, and appeasement. (5) Licensed withdrawal: Women more than men are pictured engaged in involvements which remove them psychol ogically from the social situation at large, leaving them unoriented in it and to it, and dependent on the protectiveness of others who are present. Turning one’s gaze away rom another’s can be seen as having the consequence of withdrawing from the current thrust of communication (p 62). The individual can also withdraw his/her gaze from the scene at large, and be psychologically â€Å"away† from the scene. References Barnes, Alicia (2002): ‘You are What You Wear’ Excalibur, February 1. Begley, Sharon (2000): ‘The Stereotype Trap: from ‘white men can’t jump’ to ‘girls can’t do math,’ negative images that are pervasive in the culture can make us choke during test of ability’, Newsweek, November 6, p 66, downloaded from: Gale Group Database, January 30, 2002. Cross, Mary (1996): Advertising and Culture:Theoretical Perspectives, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT. Kang, Mee-Eun (1997): ‘The Portr ayal of Women’s Images in Magazine Advertisements: Goffman’s Gender Analysis Revisited’, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 37, 11/12, 979-96. Kilbourne, Jean (1995): ‘Slim Hopes: Advertising and Obsession with Thinness’, videotape, Cambridge Documentary Films. – (1999): Can’t Buy My Love, Touchstone, New York: Simon and Schuster. – (2000): ‘Killing Us Softly 3: Advertising’s Image of Women’, Videotape, Cambridge Documentary Films. Klein, Naomi (2000): No Logo, Random House, Toronto. Matlin, Margaret W (1987): The Psychology ofWomen, Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace and Company, pp 41-45,461-70. Marcus, Itamar (2002): The Encouragement of Suicide Bombers and Terrorists in the Official Palestinian Authority Newspapers (a speech) January 22. Stemple, Diane and Jane E Tyler (1988): ‘Sexism in Advertising’, The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 34. 1, pp 271-73. Sullivan, Gary L and P J O’Conn or (1988): ‘Women’s Role Portrayals in Magazine Advertising: 1958-1983’, Sex Roles: Journal of Research, 18. 3/4, pp 181-88. Winkler, Mary G (1994): ‘The Model Body’, The Good Body: Asceticism in Contemporary Culture, Yale University, Connecticut. 3337